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Abstract
Wireless sensor networks are one of the most rapidly evolving research and development fields for microelectronics. Their applications are countless, and the market potentials are huge. However, many technical hurdles have to be overcome to achieve a widespread diffusion of wireless sensor network technology. This paper summarizes the trends of evolution in wireless sensor network nodes, focusing on hardware architectures and fabrication technology. We describe four generations of sensor networks (obtrusive, parasitic, symbiotic and bio-inspired), moving from the recent past to the future. We outline the key research challenges and the common themes in the field.
Abstract
With over a decade of intensive research and development, wireless sensor network technology has been emerging as a viable solution to many innovative applications. In this paper, we describe a wireless sensor network system that we have developed using open-source hardware platforms, Arduino and Raspberry Pi. The system is low-cost and highly scalable both in terms of the type of sensors and the number of sensor nodes, which makes it well suited for a wide variety of applications related to environmental monitoring. Overall system architecture and the design of hardware and software components are presented in details in this paper. Some sample deployment and measurement results are also presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the system.
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become indispensable to the realization of smart homes. The objective of this paper is to develop such a WSN that can be used to construct smart home systems. The focus is on the design and implementation of the wireless sensor node and the coordinator based on ZigBee technology. A monitoring system is built by taking advantage of the GPRS network. To support multi-hop communications, an improved routing algorithm based on the Dijkstra algorithm is presented. Preliminary simulations have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the algorithm.
Abstract
Sensor network has quick installation, dynamic configuration features. These features make it very suitable for its applications in the environment without wired backbone network, such as conferences, research, sports grounds, crowd control, emergency recovery, and the operational trial-field. This paper describes the application of embedded wireless sensor network system underlying software, mainly introduces LPC2138 ARM7 chip configuration, pin multiplexing configuration, the clock configuration, Zigbee CC2420 chip transceiver achievement, including reading and writing the internal registers of CC2420 chip, unpacking analysis and database connections.
Introduction
An embedded sensor network is a network of embedded computers placed in the physical world that interacts with the environment. These embedded computers, or sensor nodes, are often physically small, relatively inexpensive computers, each with some set of sensors or actuators. These sensor nodes are deployed in situ, physically placed in the environment near the objects they are sensing. Sensor nodes are networked, allowing them to communicate and cooperate with each other to monitor the environment and (possibly) effect changes to it. Current sensor networks are usually stationary, although sensors may be attached to moving objects or may even be capable of independent movement. These characteristics: being embedded, and being capable of sensing, actuation, and the ability to communicate, define the field of sensor networking and differentiate it from remote sensing, mobile computing with laptop computers, and traditional centralized sensing systems.
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are increasingly gaining impact in our day to day lives. They are finding a wide range of applications in various domains, including health-care, assisted and enhanced-living scenarios, industrial and production monitoring, control networks, and many other fields. In future, WSNs are expected to be integrated into the “Internet of Things”, where sensor nodes join the Internet dynamically, and use it to collaborate and accomplish their tasks. However, when WSNs become a part of the Internet, we must carefully investigate and analyze the issues involved with this integration. In this paper, we evaluate different approaches to integrate WSNs into the Internet and outline a set of challenges, which we target to address in the near future.
https://code-authorities.ul.com/about/
What is UL?
The tiny UL logos that can be found on over 22 million products worldwide are from Underwriters Laboratories. This not-for-profit certification agency has been providing a sense of security and comfort to people since 1894. As an Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) recognized Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory, their goal is to create safe living and working environments. This is accomplished by making sure that every product they test meets certain safety and quality requirements. They do more though. According to UL, “Our comprehensive services include certifications of a product, facility, process or system to industry-wide standards and requirements recognized by UL.”
UL currently has over 40 types of certifications; safety, for which they have 1,614 set standards, is included. They provide certifications, such as ECOLOGO®, that benefit the environment and certifications that benefit life and health such as the Wellness certification, which ensures that tested products meet WELL Building Standard requirements. Manufacturers apply for product testing and receive certain safety marks, which include UL Listed, Classified, or Recognized.
https://www.intertek.com/about/
What is ETL?
An ETL certification means that products have been tested to set safety standards. The certification comes from Intertek’s Electrical Testing Labs. Like UL, Intertek is an OSHA Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory with the goal of creating safe working and living environments. They provide assurance, testing, inspection, and certification services. On their website, Intertek states, “. . . we can help to ensure that your products meet quality, health, environmental, safety, and social accountability standards . . . .”
https://www.comsoc.org/
Technical Solutions
Protect your organisation with Fortinet’s highest-performing integrated cybersecurity mesh platform.
Learn more at the Fortinet Secure Operational Technology Summit on 7 April 2022.
Article by Whyte Zheng, Regional Product Marketing Manager, Asia at Fortinet
Why the World Needs it
The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the development of the work-from-anywhere (WFA) strategy. Remote operations has been a most recent example of the rapid expansion of network attack surface.
Conventional approaches to identity and security architecture can no longer fully support modern applications. Indeed, the distributed, rapidly growing digital landscape brings great complexity to existing architectures, making such architectures over-fragmented. As a result, organisations see their security risk and operational overheads increase, and their ability to make good decisions against risk diminish.
Need for Cybersecurity Mesh and Similar Advanced Security Solutions
As networks and systems are getting more complex and diversely distributed, many organisations use disparate security solutions to detect and respond to security threats. This approach complicates device and user management, impacts visibility, and severely restrains organisations response to security events.
If anything has become clear, it’s evident that today’s complex approach to security has nearly reached its limits in terms of scalability and adaptability to today’s highly dynamic and rapidly expanding digital environments. In fact, recently, Gartner just named the integration of security tools into a cybersecurity mesh architecture (CSMA) as a trend for 2022. It says that organisations applying cybersecurity mesh in their collaborative ecosystems will reduce financial losses out of cybersecurity attacks by 90 percent.
Cybersecurity mesh architecture is a composable and scalable approach to extending security controls, even to widely distributed assets. Its flexibility is especially suitable for increasingly modular approaches consistent with hybrid multicloud architectures. CSMA enables a more composable, flexible and resilient security ecosystem. With every security tool running not in a silo, a cybersecurity mesh enables tools to interoperate through several supportive layers, with functions such as consolidated policy management, security intelligence and identity fabric.
Are Fortinet Security Fabric and Cybersecurity Mesh Two Sides of the Same Coin?
Gartner’s insight in CSMA may sound like a new initiative, but such protection has been there for more than a decade with the Fortinet Security Fabric.
Fortinet has long recommended the need for broad, integrated, and automated cybersecurity mesh platforms that reduce complexity and enhance overall security effectiveness. This is truer than ever with the growing prevalence of remote working, which requires organisations to blend various solutions across distributed home offices, campuses, data center assets, and cloud-based applications.
Fortinet’s market-leading defense strategy starts with the Fortinet Security Fabric. It is designed to address the dynamic security challenges faced by those organisations adopting digital innovation initiatives — including today’s expanded digital attack surface, advanced threats, and increased infrastructure complexity. It is also designed to cater for growing performance and scalability requirements.
Powered by FortiOS, the Fabric is the highest-performing integrated cybersecurity mesh platform in the industry with the broadest open ecosystem for all cybersecurity mesh architectures (CSMA). The Fabric enables consistent security across the extended digital attack surface and deployments. Seamless interoperability, complete visibility, and granular control are now possible for hybrid deployments, including hardware, software, and X-as-a-Service across networks, endpoints, and clouds.
FortiGuard Labs provides the threat intelligence foundation for all Fortinet Security Fabric components, keeping them up to date with the latest threat identification and protection information available.
For over a decade, Fortinet has spearheaded the doctrine that a broad, integrated, and automated security platform is essential for reducing complexity and increasing overall security effectiveness. To achieve this, Fortinet has integrated its CSMA strategy across its broad solutions portfolio, making the Fortinet Security Fabric the industry’s highest-performing cybersecurity mesh platform.
Authority Recognition by Customers, Markets and Authorities
Fortinet’s Open Fabric Ecosystem is one of the largest cybersecurity ecosystems in the industry, consisting of Fabric-Ready technology alliance partners, collaboration with threat-sharing organisations, and other Fabric integrations. It provides integrated security solutions with the Security Fabric for customers to attain advanced end-to-end security across their digital infrastructure.
A trustworthy cybersecurity mesh platform eradicates technology and vendor silos by enabling an open ecosystem of partners. Fortinet Security Fabric integrates and interoperates with more than 450 third-party technology partners. This provides organisations with the flexibility to select the right solutions and preserves their existing technology investments.
Based on the Fortinet Security Fabric, Fortinet has been recognised by Gartner for many years. Fortinet was also among the four Gartner Magic Quadrants with both Network Firewalls and WAN Edge Infrastructure in the Leaders quadrant in 2021. Fortinet has also been nominated in 18 Gartner annual reports for their outstanding performance in various fields. Among them, 10 reports of Fortinet are listed in the Gartner market guide, which also indicates that Fortinet is widely recognised by customers, the market and third-party authorities.
What’s more, Fortinet is delivering on the convergence of not just cybersecurity products, but the convergence of security and networking – what we’d like to call “security-driven networking” – by pioneering innovations such as Secure SD-WAN in the industry.
With a Fortinet Security Fabric architecture in place, organisations gain the confidence and benefits by a broad mesh platform with a proven track record of worldwide deployments over 10 years.
Join Fortinet at the Secure Operational Technology Summit 2022 – APAC
On 7 April 2022, hear from CISOs, Asset Owners, Industrial Control System (ICS) vendors, IDC and Fortinet experts online during a virtual conference where we will discuss how organisations deal with the uncertainties of the continuing pandemic and how you can build cyber resilience to protect your digitalisation plan. This year’s Fortinet OT Summit has been tailored for Asia Pacific, with different start times to cater to attendees across different timezones in South East Asia and Hong Kong, India & SAARC and ANZ regions. With 6 keynotes, 2 panel discussions and 5 on-demand sessions in the Technology Track covering ransomware disruptions, supply chain breaches, securing remote access and strategic implementations for ICS (industrial control systems) security – the Fortinet OT Summit APAC provides a forum for knowledge-sharing to the theme, Building Cyber Resilience in a Digital-First World.
Making Cybersecurity Mesh Architecture A Reality With Fortinet Security Fabric
The third edition of the EY Reimagining Industry Futures Study reveals that enterprises are looking to 5G to help alleviate immediate business pressures brought by the COVID-19 pandemic and related global events.
Forty-nine percent of respondents are prioritising process optimisation as a key application, compared with 28% who favour advanced 5G use cases featuring virtual or augmented reality. The findings indicate enterprises are now focused on bolstering business resilience, meeting corporate priorities and responding to stakeholder demands.
A range of external factors underpin this trend. Eighty-five percent of respondents say the impact of the global health crisis is driving their interest in 5G, up from 52% in last year’s study. Eighty percent say supply chain disruption has galvanised their 5G pursuit, while 71% cite the focus on environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues. However, there is some way to go in realising these ambitions: 37% are concerned that 5G and internet of things (IoT) vendors’ current use cases do not meet their business resilience and continuity needs, and 47% do not think their sustainability goals are met by today’s use cases.
Tom Loozen, EY Global Telecommunications Leader, says: “While the hype around how 5G low latency could power the metaverse or commercialise augmented reality continues to intensify, this study indicates that the technology has moved out of its infancy and is now actively being applied to drive real-world benefits. This is to be applauded, with 5G following the same innovation cycle of other transformative technologies. Sophisticated use cases will become important in time. More pressing, however, is the need for 5G providers to tune their solutions to the practical demands of industry leaders today.”
Similarly in Southeast Asia, 5G adoption has also met with roadblocks. Joongshik Wang, EY Asean Technology, Media & Entertainment and Telecommunications (TMT) Leader, comments: “Use cases for 5G in the private sector will need to be more clearly defined before technology operators are confident enough to take 5G applications to market. For now, governments are the main drivers of investments in 5G infrastructure public sector projects. Closer to home in Singapore, the 5G@Sentosa project provides a testbed for promising public sector use cases that could be rolled out on Singapore’s mainland.”
Growing appeal of private networks as telcos battle credibility gap
The study further finds that enterprises are becoming increasingly receptive to 5G solutions delivered through disruptive business models. Seventy-seven percent of enterprise respondents are interested in using private networks to support the implementation of 5G and IoT use cases, and 71% are interested in buying 5G through an intermediary rather than directly from a telco.
Joongshik says: “Private networks are of high quality, secure and seamless. However, private network operators will need to provide a strong cost-benefit case to justify the high investment costs. The commercialisation of 5G private networks will also require governments to play an active role in outlining the key considerations and providing a clear regulatory framework on licensing for private networks.”
Meanwhile telcos face a significant credibility gap with regards their perception as digital transformation experts, with only 19% of enterprises considering them as such (unchanged from last year’s study findings). Conversely, 30% trust network equipment vendors as favoured digital transformation experts – up from 19% last year.
Loozen says: “Disruptive customer signals suggest that telcos’ traditional relationships with enterprise customers are under pressure and more agile go-to-market strategies are essential in a 5G-IoT world. Telcos should take steps now to help ensure that they can meet enterprise demand for private network deployments.”
Ecosystem collaboration continues to be central to the enterprise growth agenda
Sixty-nine percent of respondents state that they already collaborate with other organisations as part of a business ecosystem – unchanged from last year’s study. However, the findings indicate that businesses are being bolder in their approach to partnerships, with 36% seeking vertical partnerships with companies in other sectors (up from 24% last year), and 73% are prioritising suppliers that can offer ecosystem relationships as part of their 5G capabilities.
At MWC Barcelona 2022, the EY organisation will be exploring how connecting industry ecosystems can help support technology-based transformation, build resilience and create long-term value.
Europe leads 5G investment, but global confidence stalls
5G leads all other emerging technologies tracked in the study in terms of future spending intentions, with 56% of enterprise respondents planning to invest within three years. Current and future spending intentions for 5G over this period are highest in Europe (up 5% to 76%), in contrast to last year when Europe lagged other regions. However, the findings caution that investment should not be taken for granted, with intentions falling by 8% year-on-year to 70% in Asia Pacific and the Middle East.
This caution is indicative not only of a more defensive approach toward 5G, but of stalling confidence generally, with only 24% of enterprise respondents stating that they are very confident they can successfully implement 5G (down by 1% year-on-year). This is compounded by enterprises’ poor understanding of 5G’s relationship to other emerging technologies, now cited as the biggest internal challenge to 5G perception – up from fifth position in last year’s ranking.
Adrian Baschnonga, EY Global Telecommunications Lead Analyst, says: “There are still fundamental anxieties around how 5G works alongside other emerging technologies. 5G providers should take this on board and adapt their customer discussions accordingly. By educating enterprises on how 5G can be harnessed by other emerging technologies, service providers can boost enterprise confidence in their 5G deployments”.
https://www.iaasiaonline.com/enterprises-see-5g-applications-more-beneficial/
https://www.arm.com/solutions/iot/iot-technology
https://www.mwrf.com/resources
Technical Websites
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks are one of the most rapidly evolving research and development fields for microelectronics. Their applications are countless, and the market potentials are huge. However, many technical hurdles have to be overcome to achieve a widespread diffusion of wireless sensor network technology. This paper summarizes the trends of evolution in wireless sensor network nodes, focusing on hardware architectures and fabrication technology. We describe four generations of sensor networks (obtrusive, parasitic, symbiotic and bio-inspired), moving from the recent past to the future. We outline the key research challenges and the common themes in the field.
Abstract
With over a decade of intensive research and development, wireless sensor network technology has been emerging as a viable solution to many innovative applications. In this paper, we describe a wireless sensor network system that we have developed using open-source hardware platforms, Arduino and Raspberry Pi. The system is low-cost and highly scalable both in terms of the type of sensors and the number of sensor nodes, which makes it well suited for a wide variety of applications related to environmental monitoring. Overall system architecture and the design of hardware and software components are presented in details in this paper. Some sample deployment and measurement results are also presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the system.
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become indispensable to the realization of smart homes. The objective of this paper is to develop such a WSN that can be used to construct smart home systems. The focus is on the design and implementation of the wireless sensor node and the coordinator based on ZigBee technology. A monitoring system is built by taking advantage of the GPRS network. To support multi-hop communications, an improved routing algorithm based on the Dijkstra algorithm is presented. Preliminary simulations have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the algorithm.
Abstract
Sensor network has quick installation, dynamic configuration features. These features make it very suitable for its applications in the environment without wired backbone network, such as conferences, research, sports grounds, crowd control, emergency recovery, and the operational trial-field. This paper describes the application of embedded wireless sensor network system underlying software, mainly introduces LPC2138 ARM7 chip configuration, pin multiplexing configuration, the clock configuration, Zigbee CC2420 chip transceiver achievement, including reading and writing the internal registers of CC2420 chip, unpacking analysis and database connections.
Introduction
An embedded sensor network is a network of embedded computers placed in the physical world that interacts with the environment. These embedded computers, or sensor nodes, are often physically small, relatively inexpensive computers, each with some set of sensors or actuators. These sensor nodes are deployed in situ, physically placed in the environment near the objects they are sensing. Sensor nodes are networked, allowing them to communicate and cooperate with each other to monitor the environment and (possibly) effect changes to it. Current sensor networks are usually stationary, although sensors may be attached to moving objects or may even be capable of independent movement. These characteristics: being embedded, and being capable of sensing, actuation, and the ability to communicate, define the field of sensor networking and differentiate it from remote sensing, mobile computing with laptop computers, and traditional centralized sensing systems.
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are increasingly gaining impact in our day to day lives. They are finding a wide range of applications in various domains, including health-care, assisted and enhanced-living scenarios, industrial and production monitoring, control networks, and many other fields. In future, WSNs are expected to be integrated into the “Internet of Things”, where sensor nodes join the Internet dynamically, and use it to collaborate and accomplish their tasks. However, when WSNs become a part of the Internet, we must carefully investigate and analyze the issues involved with this integration. In this paper, we evaluate different approaches to integrate WSNs into the Internet and outline a set of challenges, which we target to address in the near future.
What is the internet of things (IoT)?
The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address and is able to transfer data over a network.
Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate more efficiently, better understand customers to deliver enhanced customer service, improve decision-making and increase the value of the business.
How does IoT work?
An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can interact with the devices — for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.
https://code-authorities.ul.com/about/
What is UL?
The tiny UL logos that can be found on over 22 million products worldwide are from Underwriters Laboratories. This not-for-profit certification agency has been providing a sense of security and comfort to people since 1894. As an Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) recognized Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory, their goal is to create safe living and working environments. This is accomplished by making sure that every product they test meets certain safety and quality requirements. They do more though. According to UL, “Our comprehensive services include certifications of a product, facility, process or system to industry-wide standards and requirements recognized by UL.”
UL currently has over 40 types of certifications; safety, for which they have 1,614 set standards, is included. They provide certifications, such as ECOLOGO®, that benefit the environment and certifications that benefit life and health such as the Wellness certification, which ensures that tested products meet WELL Building Standard requirements. Manufacturers apply for product testing and receive certain safety marks, which include UL Listed, Classified, or Recognized.
https://www.intertek.com/about/
What is ETL?
An ETL certification means that products have been tested to set safety standards. The certification comes from Intertek’s Electrical Testing Labs. Like UL, Intertek is an OSHA Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory with the goal of creating safe working and living environments. They provide assurance, testing, inspection, and certification services. On their website, Intertek states, “. . . we can help to ensure that your products meet quality, health, environmental, safety, and social accountability standards . . . .”
https://www.comsoc.org/
Partners
https://www.nxp.com/
https://www.microchip.com/
https://www.st.com/content/st_com/en.html
